Communications Research Proposal Paper Essay Example

Communications Research Proposal Paper Essay Research Proposal Paper Women’s Self Image in the Modern Media Communication Research Methods 4/23/2011 Introduction and Rationale: The scope of this proposal will be to evaluate the current problem of self-image for women in the United States through negative representation found in the modern media. For many critics of the media, the feminist issue of identity has been a recurring problem for many women, as the media (commercials, magazines, film, etc. ) appropriate an image that is often far above the normative appearance that is common for women in America. Bodily issues, such as weight, body structure, facial appearance, and other factors, are often created to give an unrealistic representation of women, which damages the self-esteem of women that do not or cannot possibly live up to these images. With the media controlling many facets of identity within American culture, it is a negative representation of women that degrades how women interact with society, and what is expected of them through media concocted social norms. Media can control these norms by controlling the TV and print magazine markets, which in turn, creates negative stereotypes about women that degrade women’s self image. Working Hypothesis: The scope of this proposal will be to evaluate the research done by feminist and media researchers that find an unrealistic image of women being represented through patriarchal media dominance. By discovering the way that media distorts and creates bodily manipulations (graphic design, air brushing, etc), one can realize the depth of unrealistic bodily shapes and facial images that occur when women are being represented in TV and in print media. We will write a custom essay sample on Communications Research Proposal Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Communications Research Proposal Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Communications Research Proposal Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By evaluating the facts and research done to learn how the media accomplishes this, one can realize how to correct and combat negative self-images within women’s communities and organizational groups on media literacy. Research Strategy: The Problem and Various Solutions One source being used for this study is one conducted by the Media Research Network, which provides studies that confirmed the way that the media is representing unrealistic bodily images for women in American culture. The research found in this article details the way that media is funded through the dietary industry to help bring about an image of a thin body and how it can be damaging for young women (Media Research Network para. 9). In this manner, the image of women being produced through the media is often contradictory to good health, even though the thinness of women appearing in the Ads may appear â€Å"attractive† or socially acceptable. Another important factor in solving the issue of media distortion of women’s bodies is it constructs bodies with various computer programs that can digitally alter a female figure. One example of this type of manipulation is how various celebrities have had their bodies touched up with an air brush and digitally altered to appear without blemishes of body fat, scars or other misshapen parts of the body that do not conform with media concocted â€Å"social norms† (Derenne and Beresin para. 12). This media construct provides examples found through investigation and research that there is very few ‘natural† images of women that can be found within these types of print publications, which provide a foundation for a negative and impossibly unrealistic self image issue with women. Due to the gravity of influence that these magazines offer women in the modern age, there is a very argument that women need to become far more media literate when seeking to understand the reality of bodily shapes and how most women look through objective point of view. By actively researching and conducting insightful analysis of how women’s images are altered, there can be preventative measures taken by women to help stave off illnesses such as bulimia and anorexia from occurring. Certainly with media manipulating posing negative images of women that define a way for women to be socially seduced, media literacy is one major solution to helping women discover realistic ways for learning about their bodies. By teaching women through discussion groups, support groups, and other feminist orientated awareness groups to understand how the media is distorting woman’s images, there can be a lesser feeling of objectification in how women view themselves. This form of media literacy can help women to view their bodies outside of the patriarchal construct of society that views women as sex objects only to be gazed or looked upon (Ware para. 12). This can provide a great deal of insight into preventing the exploitation of women’s bodies by corporate male executives in the media industry that wish to create women as objects of male desire. By advocating organizations and other groups to prevent this type of negative image, media literacy can be an important avenue for solving this societal problem. Conclusion: This proposal provides the various problems with how women are exploited and negatively represented in the modern media. The research in this proposal points to the unnatural altering of women’s images to conform to a patriarchal manipulation of women into sexual objects of desire. The use of digital graphics arts to improve the image of a woman’s body into an unaltered image creates negative and unrealistic ways that women can be harmed—both mentally and physically. These unnatural images are created through a vortex of patriarchal manipulation, which has been proven to influence bulimia and anorexia in all age levels of the female populations. Some solutions include creating media literacy organizations and groups to help inform the female public that these images are negative and wrongfully representing social norms. Also, investigations and research into media manipulation of the female body are also important factors in discerning an objective view of what is a positive or negative self-image for women in American culture. Works Cited Derenne, Jennifer, M. D. and Beresin, Eugene. â€Å"Body Image, Media, and Eating Disorders. † 22 August, 2007. Academic Psychiatry. 2006. Media Research Network. â€Å"Beauty and Body Image in the Media. † 22 August, 2007. Media-awareness. ca. Ware, Niqe. â€Å"Te patriarchal Domination of Women’s Bodies Through Advertising: Women’s Media Induced Schizophrenia. † 1996. Bellawoman. com. 22 August, 2007.

Human Relations & Resources Paradigm Essays - Emotions, Happiness

Human Relations & Resources Paradigm Essays - Emotions, Happiness Human Relations & Resources Paradigm The Human Relations & Resources paradigm masquerades under many names: Corporate incentives, Employee motivation, Loyalty programs, and Employee rewards. A quick Google search produced no less than 276,000 hits touting programs and products designed to make your employees happier, more satisfied, and of course the bottom line, more productive. These incentive programs represent an overall weak attempt at implementing the pedestrian facets of this organizational communications paradigm. A happy worker is a productive worker. When the worker has a nice work environment ? a pleasant office with ergonomically correct furnishings ? then the worker will work harder for you. Take the Novell campus, for example. Six buildings covering a generous parcel of well-landscaped land, complete with a stream, a path for running and walking, a cafeteria for grownups with a variety of flavors and choices, a gym with showers, a basketball court, a soccer field, and a sand volleyball pit. Ah, happiness is everywhere and the satisfied Novell employee has rarely a need that might take them away from their work environment. Creating this level of environmental happiness also means the worker is freed from the day-to-day cares that might cut into her work day. A happy worker is socially well-adapted to the corporate climate. She knows the corporate vocabulary, the hidden nuances, and the unspoken jokes. She fits into the corporate environment and she wants to fit in because how she sees herself is entangled with how well she fulfills her position at work. A happy worker is paid well; however a generous paycheck by itself is not enough to keep her happy. Her work allows her to explore her creative potential by solving problems and making contributions that count. She firmly believes that she has something important to offer that will help the organization succeed.

Ghana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ghana - Essay Example The Mali realm rose back in the mid 1300. Moreover, it emerged from the greater Ghana Empire. However, due to external disputes and internal conflicts within the Ghana Empire and the eventual crumple of the Ghanaian Kingdom, the Mali Kingdom emerged with Sundiata being their leader (Conrad 13). This clearly depicts how Ghanaian began its superiority over the Malian realm. In fact, some historians deem Ghana to be the greatest kingdom in the early part of the 1300. Besides, civilization started in Ghana earlier than in Mali. In fact, civilization in Ghana began even before the arrival of the Europeans into Africa. Moreover, Ghana had started trading early, where they operated with other communities. Their trade items included gold, cloth and copper among others. Moreover, the regime imposed tax to the goldmines in the region (Conrad 14). Mali was still under Ghana Empire, and did little in terms of trade. As a result, the economic capacity of Ghana was far much better as compared to that of Mali, their counterparts. In the political aspect, Ghana had a well-organized system, with the Soninke people reigning over the Berbers. Moreover, the empire had captured a vast area and made it its kingdom. Mali was still under the Ghanaian Empire. The Ghanaian trade in gold had made the empire extremely powerful. Besides, the use of iron aided Ghana in creating weaponry for its territorial army. Furthermore, it was not until the Senegalese Almoravids intervention that capacitated the Malians to take over Ghana Kingdom (Conrad 14). In addition, the Ghana Empire was extensively rich. This mainly resulted from the expansive gold trade within the region. This distinct trade in gold made Ghana change it earlier name (Wagadugu) to its present Ghana (meaning gold land). This gave Ghana an advantage over its former territory, Mali (Conrad 16). However, the ancient Ghana is different from the contemporary Ghana. Besides, the Ghana kings controlled the gold trade

Benazir Bhutto English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Benazir Bhutto English - Research Paper Example Born to a comfortable lifestyle Benazir had an exemplary primary education in Pakistan that eventually qualified her to be educated in the United States’ Radcliffe College at Harvard University where she graduated cum laude in Comparative Government. She continued her studies in the United Kingdom’s Lady Margaret Hall in Oxford eventually completing additional courses in International Studies and Diplomacy. An astute speaker she eventually led the prestigious debating society as the president of the Oxford Union Debating Society. Benazir’s rude awakening to the tumultuous Pakistan politics was when her father Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was removed from office by a military coup in 1977. Coup leader General Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law and placed on house arrest the entire family of Benazir. The death of Benazir’s father in 1979 by hanging at the hands of the coup plotters despite international pressure for clemency also exposed Benazir to the hea vy cost of public service. In one of her memoirs she described her time under house arrest. â€Å"The summer heat turned my cell into an oven. My skin split and peeled, coming off my hands in sheets. Boils erupted on my face. My hair, which had always been thick, began to come out by the handful. Insects crept into the cell like invading armies. Grasshoppers, mosquitoes, stinging flies, bees and bugs came up through the cracks in the floor and through the open bars from the courtyard. I tried pulling the sheet over my head at night to hide from their bites, pushing it back when it got too hot to breathe.† (Bhutto) In the first quarter of 1984, under pressure from the international community General Zia allowed Benazir Bhutto to travel abroad for medical consideration. After her surgery Benazir, resumed her political activities outside Pakistan to raise international concerns about the abuses political prisoners are suffering at the hands of General Zia-ul-Haq’s regime. The effectiveness of Benazir’s strategy forced General Zia to respond by holding a referendum to provide local and international legitimacy to his government. However, the referendum failed to achieve its purpose for General Zia, who was furthered pressure by the international community to hold general elections to restore the Parliamentary Government of Pakistan. In response Benazir’s People’s Party boycotted the elections because it violated certain provisions of the Pakistan Constitution. In November 16, 1988, in the first open election in more than a decade, Bhutto’s Peoples Party of Pakistan won the majority seats in the National Assembly. Consequently the first term of Benazir Bhutto as the first and to date only woman Prime Minister of Pakistan also started. (Hughes) Her term lasted until 1990 amidst corruption charges. In the October 1993 elections Benazir’s People Party of Pakistan again gained most of the seats in the National Assembly. However, due to the mounting pressures of the mounting corruption allegations against the people in her immediate circle of friends and family she was again forced to resign. Her reign eventually ended in 1996. Benazir Bhutto’s crusades include the repeal of controversial laws that curtail the rights of women in Pakistan that would include the Hudood and Zina ordinances. These ordinances make it legal for rape victims to be stoned to death. The

Introductory Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introductory Business Law - Essay Example Observance of the Act is imposed by a sovereign government authority, the Information Commissioners Office (ICO). The ICO maintains direction pertinent to the Act.2 The Act characterizes eight principles of information-handling practice. The Data Protection Act is considered an immense Act that has a status for difficulty.3 At the same time as the fundamental principles are honored for the protection of privacy, understanding the act is not all the time simple. Numerous companies, organizations and individuals appear hesitant of the aims, substance and even principles of the DPA. Some hide behind the Act and rebuff to give even very indispensable, publicly accessible material referencing it to the Act as a restriction.4 The act also impacts the manner in which organizations carry out business in terms of who can be contacted for marketing purposes, not only through telephone and direct mail, but also by electronic means and resulted the improvement of permission which has its basis referenced to marketing strategies. The Scottish Parliament enacted the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002 (the Scottish Act) was on 24 April 2002 and received Royal consent on 28 May 2002. The Scottish Act provides a new general constitutional right of access to all types of recorded information of any age in the custody Scottish public authorities. The UK Act does is not applicable to public authorities covered by the Scottish legislation. On the other hand, the Scottish Act does not taken into account and cover the UK government departments functioning in Scotland as well across-border public authorities (for example the Ministry of Defence and the Forestry Commission). These institutions and authorities are covered by the UK Act. The Scottish Act is only applicable to public authorities and not to private entities. Public authorities are, on the other hand, generally described in the Scottish Act, and comprise not

History Of Media In Kenya Media Essay

History Of Media In Kenya Media Essay Radio was first developed in 1920 and it was strictly used by the military. David sternoff had an idea of selling radio sets to consumers and RCA was the first to set up radio station all over the country in United States. Mass media means reaching a large number of audiences, the term mass media was coined in 1920, with the introduction of many nationwide radio networks; it was improved by the circulation of many newspapers and magazines. Mass media include internet, media like video sharing, message boards, podcasts and blogs. Marshal McLuhan brought up the idea that the the medium is the message. In the past drama were the first mass media in the ancient world and it was used by numerous cultures. Diamond Sutra was the first printed book and it was printed in china in 868D. Many books were then printed in ancient times. In 1041 in China, movable clay type was invented; the first printed mass- medium was European popular prints that were printed from about 1400. Johannes Gutenberg printed his book in 1453 on a printing press using movable clay type. Newspapers were developed from about 1612, with the first example in English in 1620. During the 20th century mass medium, has really improved due to advanced technology, for example; printing, film duplication and record pressing. History of Media in Kenya. The media in Kenya is a diverse and vibrant growing industry, which has been facing and is still facing an uncertain future. The political transmission from British colony to independent country was mirrored by many changes in mass media in Kenya. In 1963 when Kenya become independent, the vast majority of Kenya owned television and radio stations were British and American programmes. Kenya culture was promoted vie the mass media under the late president of Kenya Jomo Kenyatta and more programmes were broadcasted in Swahili. The press really suffered during the governance of the former president Daniel Moi and his one party state, which was written into the constitution in 1982, more journalists were arrested and imprisoned, because the state was worried with the media people challenging the government. The scene of oppression changed and the press expanded with the birth of multi- party politics in 1992, this was a response to pressure of activists and with the help of the international communities. Daily newspapers increased to four, the person daily was set up, and the gutter also emerged. Harsh criticisms of the state by the press went with the emergency of opposition politics. Journalist were still oppressed, intimidated and imprisoned by the government. A new unpopular was passed in May 2002 and it required publishers to purchase a bond for one million Kenya shillings, before publishing it. This move scared publishers because it was expensive for them to publish any magazine. There are four major daily newspapers published in Kenya and this are: The daily Nation- it was established in 1960 and it is published by the Nation media group. The first paper was seen as the champion during the governance of the former president Daniel Moi. Nation media owns Nation T.V and the East African which is a regional weekly paper with its core market in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. It is the largest media house in central and East Africa. The standard formerly known as the East African standard was established in 1902. Nowadays the standard is the critic of the government policies, it is owned by the group of businessmen associated with the former president Daniel Moi. Kenya times was established in 1983 by the KANU party. A person daily was established in 1992, it is owned by Kenneth Matiba. Broadcast. The first broadcast targeted white settlers who monitored news from their home country and other parts of the world. The first radio broadcast targeting Africans was started in 1953; it was called African Broadcasting services and carried programmes in Kiswahili, dholuo, kikuyu, Nandi, kamba and Arabic. The Kenya broadcasting services was established in 1954, and the regional stations were set up in Mombasa [Sauti ya Mvita] and Kisumu [lake station] in 1961. There are more than 63 FM stations in Kenya that has been licensed. Radio stations mainly operate in Nairobi and its surrounding areas. The broadcasts of most commercial radio stations are made up of entertainment, phone ins programmes, talk shows and interviews. Television Television was introduced in Kenya in 1962 and the first transmitting station was in Limuru transmitting over only a radius of 15 miles. On 1st July, 1964 through an act of parliament Kenya broadcasting corporation was nationalized and renamed the voice of Kenya. In 1970 V.O.K opened a new television station in Mombasa to relay programmes and produce local dramas, music, culture and other programmes. In 1989, the Kenya parliament gave autonomy to V.O.K and changed the name to K.B.C. K.B.C known as channel one, pay television channel 2 and metro television channel 31, which is usually an Entertainment television. K.T.N, {Kenya television network] become the first private television station in Kenya. It started broadcasting in 1989 and it is owned by a group of businessmen. Citizen T.V is owned by a businessman Samuel Macharia. Press law. Kenya does not have a press law; the press law is a carryover of what was since the colonial government. What passes for media law in Kenya is a general section 79 of the constitution that states; Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, that is to say, freedom hold opinions without interference. Freedom to receive ideas and information without interference and freedom to communicate ideas. There is nothing in the constitution that refers explicit to the media. Media censorship. There is freedom of expression that is stated in the constitution of Kenya ARTICLE 33; it states that every person has the right to seek, receive or impart information or ideas, freedom of artistic creativity and academic freedom and freedom of scientific research. Censorship is merely to help journalist perform their work well, they should be able to report news or write stories which have correct facts and figures. Media censorship is mainly for checking; vulgarity, violence and racism media censorship sees to it that the media is not used as a tool to attack, discriminate and humiliate people. The government that come into power n 2002 with the leader of president Mwai Kibaki has failed to fulfill its promise for the reform of media legislation. The former information minister Mutahi Kagwe, in August 2007 introduced the Media Bill to parliament which would establish a media regulatory board and media advisory board, which will replace the independent media council in Kenya. This bill allows the information minister to appoint chairman and the members of the new government funded body. The new body will register all journalists and the government license media, so that they can exert authority over them. The media bill provokes hostility among the media practioneers and owners especially in the case of the editors to reveal their sources, if there reports become the subject of court cases. Media owners, civil society groups and the law society opposed the bill because it was putting many pressure and it was totally against the freedom of expression. Late August 2007, the bill was passed but later rejected by the president on the round that the bill limited the confidentiality of sources and therefore it was a threat to press freedom. The Communications Commission of Kenya [CCK] is the independent regulatory body that gives license register journalists and regulates television, radio, telecommunication and postal services. CCK is overseen by the Ministry of information, so that its independence is limited. There are non- state media regulatory bodies, like the media council of Kenya which was set up in 2004 and its a key campaigner for a self regulatory system. Kenya Union of Journalist, editors guild and Kenya correspondents association have set up media industry steering committee. Conclusion Media is not static it is dynamic. With the introduction of new technology, media has really improved. The Kenya constitution should allow media practionerers to do their work without any limitations so that they can be able to collect their information well without revealing their sources. The introduction of many FM stations helps the media industry to advance and reach many people especially those in rural areas. Media will be and continue reaching the mass media through radio, television, internet and cable networking.

Crisis :: essays research papers

On the 2nd of July 1997, Asia was hit by one of the most devastating financial crises it has ever seen. Of all the financial crisis that have taken place, this was one of the most distressing in that it was totally unexpected. The purpose of this paper is to show that particular developmental strategies employed by these economies eventually led to their downfall. It will attempt to find out where the origins of the crisis lie, and what events started the cycle that eventuated with this disaster. In order to trace the events that led to the eventual collapse of the Asian economies, one must venture across the ocean to the United States. The issue of liberalisation first gained attention in the US during the Regan Administration. However, it was during the Clinton era that liberalisation became a top priority. Whereas previous governments had pushed for the liberalisation of Japan, one of Clinton’s main foreign policy objectives was the liberalisation of the Asian economies. T his process was pushed forth in Asia with such vehemence because the region held a lot of investment opportunities for American Banks, Brokerages, and other financial sector businesses. Unfortunately, Asia’s economies were not structurally ready to deal with the influx of capital that was headed their way. They had weak banking and legal systems that were unable, or unwilling, to regulate the flow of foreign capital in the country. The Americans eventually persuaded Korea to relax its capital flow regulations by giving it the option of joining the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Even then, Korea was concerned that its financial institutions may not be able to deal with an influx of foreign capital. One fatal mistake that Korea, as well as other Southeast Asian countries made, was that they opened their capital markets in the wrong way. They did not allow long term investments in Korean companies, but rather, only short-term investments that could be re moved easily. One example of the sort of quick investments that were being made in Asia can be seen in the Japanese. In Japan the interest rates were very low, so investors would borrow at 2 percent and then convert their currency into Thai baht. Due to the interest rate differential, they were able to make a lot of money off simple currency conversion. Other Asian economies were quick to follow suit, and soon there was a movement of huge amounts of capital into the region.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay

The mutual set of accounting criteria used to develop medical centers financial statements are known as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). GAAP are a mixture of respected criteria created by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and accountants. The SEC has authority granted by The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, to determine reporting and disclosure requirements. Oversight is the general functions of the SEC, granting the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) to determine the standards. Generally accepted accounting practices are required for accountant to follow and medical centers to use so medical centers and provide investors with a minimal level of dependability for financing determination. GAAP provides detailed information concerning the medical center fiscal returns, detailed balance and outstanding debt. GAAP guidelines are expected to be upheld by medical centers when giving an account of their economic figures through financial declarations (Finkler & Ward, 2006). Going concern principle. Financial statements must be prepared with the belief that the medical center will continue operation indefinitely. Disclosure of pending cease of patient care delivery must be noted in financial statement (Finkler & Ward, 2006) Principle of conservatism. Certified public accountants have an obligation to document business purchases that necessitate estimation based on their sound judgment. The total medical equipment productivity time frame and outstanding accounts receivable are illustrations for the use of estimation. In financial data reporting, auditors adhere to conservatism rules, which demands lower appraisal be selected when one or more appraisals are taking in consideration. For example, when the restoration department has reported a five -percent rate return for new MRI machine for the previous three fiscal years, but the medical centers production department claims the reported profit value is inconsistent and there is an expectation that fewer than three percent of the MRI machines will need repair service during the following year. Since there is a discrepancy, the production department will need to presents undeniable proof to authentication the appraisal, the medical center auditor has a duty to adhere to the conservatism principles and prepare for the ive-percent rate return. Losses and costs are documented when they are credible and equitably estimated. Profits are documented when achieved (Finkler & Ward, 2006). Matching principle. The medical center expenditures for providing safe patient care should be documented with the corresponding fiscal year in which the income was produced. Documented in the same fiscal year as the income they help to generate. An illustration of this particular cost is the cost of products sold in the medical center, salaries paid to staff. It is consider when patients are admitted to the medical center and the supplies used to provide safe quality care. Revenue is recognized when reimbursed by Medicaid and Medicare (Finkler & Ward, 2006). Cost principle. The dollar amount deducted from the budget to purchase land, medical equipment, and supplies. Assets are documented at price purchased, which is equivalent to the price paid to gain acquisition. When a medical centers assets such as property or office structures increase in worth each fiscal year, reappraisal in not required for financial reporting purposes (Finkler & Ward, 2006). Objective evidence. For financial reports to be valuable, they must contain information that is pertinent, trustworthy, and organized in a consistent manner. The cost information provided is evidence-based. This means internal and external users could all agree when the medical center reports they purchased telehealth technology for 1. 5 million and they can produce evidence in a form of bank statements or detailed receipt from vendor proving payment, this is reliable information that is verifiable and objective (Finkler & Ward, 2006). Materiality principle. Obligates the preparer of the financial report to correct significant errors that otherwise would cause an individual to make a different decision if provided with correct information. When time approaches to approve the budget for additional telehealth equipment, medical center executive may not approve, if they were aware that the program is not beneficial and several telehealth monitors were sitting in storage areas with the local facilities. Insignificant errors may be ignored (Finkler & Ward, 2006). Consistency. Medical facilities should use the same accounting methods each fiscal year. Consistency make available significant associations to be achieved among separate fiscal years and among the fiscal reports of separate establishments that employ the similar accounting practices. If the medical center changes their accounting method, the accountant must disclose the change in the financial report (Finkler & Ward, 2006). Full disclosure principle. Financial statements usually make available data about the medical center previous performance. However, imminent litigations, unsettled debt, or additional circumstances that have the potential to produce considerable negative influences on the medical centers economic status are also required to be disclosed in financial statements. (Finkler & Ward, 2006). In conclusion when medical centers are in compliance with GAAP this will help preserve creditability with creditors and investors because it restore confidence with external customers that the medical center financial reports precisely depict its financial standing.

Metes, Bounds Meanders - Platting the Land of Your Ancestors

Metes, Bounds Meanders - Platting the Land of Your Ancestors In the original thirteen colonies, plus Hawaii, Kentucky, Maine, Texas, Tennessee, Vermont, West Virginia, and parts of Ohio (the state land states), land boundaries are identified according to the indiscriminate survey system, more commonly referred to as metes and bounds. The metes and bounds land survey system relies on several different items to convey a property description: General Location - details on the propertys location, possibly including the state, county, and township; nearby waterways; and acreage.Survey Lines - describes the boundaries of the property using direction and distance.Boundary Descriptions - details on natural features found along the property boundaries, such as creeks and trees.Neighbors - names of neighboring property owners whose land shares a line or adjoins at a corner. How the Land Was Surveyed Surveyors in early America used only a few simple tools to measure direction, distance, and acreage of a parcel of land. Distance was usually measured with an instrument called a Gunters chain, measuring four poles (sixty-six feet) in length and consisting of 100 linked pieces of iron or steel. Indicators hung at certain points to mark important subdivisions. Most metes and bounds land descriptions describe distance in terms of these chains, or in measurements of poles, rods, or perches - interchangeable units of measurement equaling 16 1/2 feet, or 25 links on a Gunters chain. A number of different instruments were used to determine the direction of survey lines, the most common being the magnetic compass. Since compasses point to magnetic north, rather than true north, surveyors may have corrected their surveys by a particular declination value. This value is important when trying to fit an old plot on a modern map, as the location of magnetic north is constantly drifting. There are two primary types of systems used by surveyors to describe direction: Compass Degrees - the standard system used in most locations, compass degree headings specify a compass point (North, South, East or West), followed by a number of degrees, and then another compass point.Example: N42W, or 42 degrees west of north Compass Points - Found in some early colonial land descriptions, compass points, or compass card directions, refer to the 32-point compass card. This system of describing direction was, by its very nature, imprecise and, luckily, was also rarely used.Example: WNW 1/4 N, or the compass point midway between west and northwest by one quarter point north Acreage was usually determined with the aid of tables and charts and, due to meanders and strangely shaped, non-rectangular parcels of land, could often be fairly inaccurate. When a boundary ran along a creek, stream, or river, the survey often described this with the word meander. This usually meant that the surveyor did not attempt to pinpoint all of the changes in directions of the creek, instead noting that the property line followed the meanders of the waterway. A meander can also be used to describe any line noted in a survey which does not provide both direction and distance - even if there is not any water involved. Deciphering the Lingo I still remember the first time that I saw a metes and bounds land description in a deed - it looked like a lot of confusing gibberish. Once you learn the lingo, however, youll find that metes and bounds surveys make a lot more sense than they appear to at first glance. ...330 acres of land lying in Boufort County and on the East side of Coneto Creek. Beginning at a white oak in Michael Kings line: then by sd [said] line S[outh] 30 d[egrees] E[ast] 50po[les] to a pine then E 320 poles to a pine then N 220 poles to a pine then by Crisps line west 80 poles to a pine then down the creek to the first station.... Once you look closer at the land description, youll notice that it follows a fairly basic pattern of alternating calls, consisting of corners and lines. Corners use physical or geographical markers (e.g. white pine) or the name of an adjoining land owner (e.g. Michael King) to describe an exact location on the parcel of land. Lines are then used to describe the distance and direction to the next corner (e.g. South 30 degrees East 50 poles), and may also be described using physical markers such as a stream (e.g. down the creek), or the names of adjoining property owners. A metes and bounds land description always begins with a corner (e.g. Beginning at a white oak in Michael Kings line) and then alternates lines and corners until returning to the starting point (e.g. to the first station). Next Page Land Platting Made Easy One of the best ways to study local history in general, and your family in particular, is to create a map of your ancestors land(s) and its relationship to the surrounding community. Making a plat from a land description may sound complicated, but it is actually very simple once you learn how. Land Platting Supplies Tools To plat a tract of land in metes and bounds bearings i.e. draw the land on paper the way the surveyor originally did you need only a few simple tools: Protractor or Surveyors Compass - Remember that half-circle protractor that you used in high school trigonometry? This basic tool, found in most office and school supply stores, is an easy-to-obtain tool for land platting on the fly. If you plan to do a lot of land platting, then you may want to purchase a round surveyors compass (also known as a land measure compass), available from specialty supply stores.Ruler - Again, easily found in office supply stores. The only requirement is that it is marked in millimeters.​Graph Paper - Used only to keep your compass aligned perfectly north-south, the size and type of graph paper is really not important. Patricia Law Hatcher, an expert in land platting, recommends engineering paper, with four to five equally-weighted lines per inch.Pencil Eraser - Wood pencil, or mechanical pencil - its your choice. Just make sure its sharp!Calculator - Doesnt need to be fancy. Just simple multiplication and division. Pencil and paper will work too - just takes longer. As you can see, the basic tools required for land platting can all be found at a local office supply store or discount mass merchandiser. So, next time youre on the road and run across a new deed, you dont have to wait until you get home to plat it out on paper. Land Platting Step-by-Step Transcribe or make a copy of the deed, including the full legal land description.Highlight the calls - lines and corners. Land platting experts Patricia Law Hatcher and Mary McCampbell Bell suggest to their students that they underline the lines (including distance, direction, and adjoining owners), circle the corners (including neighbors), and use a wavy line for meanders.Create a chart or list of the calls for easy reference as you play, including only the pertinent information or facts. Check off each line or corner on the photocopy as you work to help prevent errors.If you plan to overlay your plat onto a modern day USGS quadrangle map, then convert all distances to USGS scale and include them on your chart. If your deed description uses poles, rods, or perches, then divide each distance by 4.8 for an easy conversion.Draw a solid dot on your graph paper to indicate your starting point. Next to it write down the description of the corner (e.g. Beginning at a white oak in Michael K ings line). This will help you remember that this was your starting point, as well as including the markers which will help you possibly match it up with adjoining plats. Place the center of your protractor on top of the dot, making sure that it is aligned with the grid on your graph paper and that north is on top. If youre using a semi-circular protractor, orient it so that the circular side faces toward the east or west direction of the call (e.g. for the line S32E - align your protractor with the circular side facing east).

Analysis of Mississippi Burning essays

Analysis of Mississippi Burning essays In 1964 the nation was faced with the civil rights movement. It captured the attention of Americans and showed signs of hope and progress. Mississippi Burning illustrates the civil rights battle that the nation was facing at this time. The film follows the story of Anderson and Ward, 2 FBI agents that are sent to Jessup County, Mississippi to investigate the disappearance of 3 civil rights workers. The movie portrays the pain and suffering of the blacks and the hatred and rage felt by the whites. The movie is a good depiction of the civil rights events in 1964 and gives a powerful depiction to its audience. Mississippi Burning is the story of the investigation of the disappearance of 3 civil rights workers, 2 white and 1 black. Anderson and Ward are the 2 FBI agents that are sent to Jessup County to investigate. Ward represents the best and the brightest of the Kennedy administration while Anderson represents the opposite. He is a Mississippi native that wants to use unconventional methods to crack the case. For a while, the agents have little progress in the case because the blacks are afraid to speak up as are the whites because of the fear of the Ku Klux Klan. Their presence causes a chain of violence and cruelty towards the blacks, and in the end Mrs. Pell helps them unravel the truth to the disappearance of the three civil rights workers. The illustration of the civil rights movement in Mississippi in 1964 that is depicted in Mississippi Burning is a very accurate telling of the situation. Ward is a good example of the idealistic government officials in the Kennedy administration at the time. He shows hope in the cause and he is not willing to give up until the case is solved, and he is going to do this by using the book method. Also, the white Mississippian is very accurately portrayed in the film. The movie causes you to hate the mayor, sheriff, and deputy because of the depiction. It causes you ...

Question and answer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Question and answer - Assignment Example I think the writer should have tried to explain briefly what Incoterm is in order for the readers who are not well versed to this subject to understand it. As it is, the answer is evasive and does not directly answer the question that has been asked.  Ã‚   I would have to agree that depending where one falls on the spectrum of the chart (EXW (higher risk to buyer) – DDP (higher risk to seller)), how the transaction is negotiated via contract, decides on the risk one inherits.   With that said, as we have discussed this week regarding documents used in export financing and the terms and conditions expressed in them, some of the risks associated with Incoterms 2010, may be mitigated through the use of these documents and as well as wording added to the sales contracts containing these commercial terms/definitions.   One needs to keep in mind that Incoterms doesn’t specify or involve questions as to title or ownership or deal with breach of contract†¦these questions/details need to be resolved in specific provisions in the contract. This part of the answer is vague since it does not directly answer the question. The writer is repeatedly saying â€Å"documents† used for exporting. What are these documents? This leaves us with many questions than answers. Using instruments such as a letter of credit or documentary collection, requirements and stipulations may be added by the banks so that their clients and they are covered barring circumstances when it comes to payment.   It makes sense to me that buyers and sellers would opt for something whereas they meet in the middle.   The seller takes care of costs incurred up to loading goods on method of transportation to import country with the buyer picking up responsibility from there or once loaded on transportation in the exporting country.   Using CIF or CFR rules would make sense as costs and risks are closely split.   Granted as a seller, I have something the

Management accounting and control (s-12 -5-8)) Coursework

Management accounting and control (s-12 -5-8)) - Coursework Example Organisations have to undertake number of decisions in order to stay in the business and among different decisions; the name of financial decision is one of them, in fact the most ones as well. Financial competitiveness is the thing on which the entire productivity of an entity depends upon. There are number of decisions that come under the ambit of financial management and managing the things accordingly is important for the companies. Decision making is one of the most important provisions for the entity as a whole and there are certain methods that could be used for the decision making purpose. The main perspective of this assignment is to give answers relating to different things in total. There are four different questions which needs to be answer here and all the questions are different in nature and in concepts as well. The concept of the same lies in decision making, centralization and some of the management accounting as well. Let’s start the questions each one by one . Ans-5 Budgeting is considered as the non-beneficial activities holding under the boundaries of an organisation. Budget set down the process to allocate the funds and manage all the resources that will be used potentially (WELSCH, Glenn A., 1976, pp.82). However at the present time, the predictions for the future scenarios is more than rigid and high deficiency in communication between higher level management and the department of budget making is a key concern while preparing budget. Though, there are some advantages that can be extracted from the budgeting process but on the same time the line of problems stand all along the same. Below are some of the problems in budgeting that reflects negative impacts towards organisation include: Time-consuming and Costly: Apart from strong IT infrastructure and several models, budget is a prolonged and expensive method. To perform budgeting process, the average time is required to be around five to six month depends on the size of the firm. The budget not only engage the timings of many people in which approximately 30% time serve by higher management and officials. Substandard in providing value: The result by means of budgeting process is truly unreliable in terms of providing value to organisations. For instance, one company extracted meaningful results from this process whereas on the other side the entire process is of no use and will be influenced on the performance. The reforms are highly claimed onto the budgeting process in which the vital concern is to drop off the staff’s timing on non-beneficial activities. Budgets make planning inflexible: To revise the budget is typically intricate enough. According to latest researches reveal that around 25% of the entities revise their budgets in every fiscal year. Some surveys also reveal that the higher management of an organisation serve almost one to two hours in each month in order to discuss numerous strategies. Budgets promote non value-added costs: The bu dget of a company is largely dependent on the last year conclusions. Due to insufficient time offered to evaluate and point out the main reasons of cost which ultimately ensuing to raise the massive quantity of ravage. Compromise in customer satisfaction: Every business is wanted to convince the consumers from their products and services. But in this case, the organisations would like to meet the defined sales targets by